Gujarati language

Gujarati
ગુજરાતી Gujrātī
Pronunciation	/ɡudʒ(ə)ˈɾat̪i/
Spoken in	India, Pakistan, USA, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Mauritius, Fiji, Canada, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Portugal, Panama, Malaysia
Native speakers	46.5 million  (1997)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Western Indo-Aryan Gujarati
Writing system	Gujarati script, former use of Devanagari before invention of Gujarati Script, also use of Arabic script by the Ismaili community and other Gujarati communities, mainly in Pakistan.
Official status
Official language in	Gujarat (India)[1][2] Daman and Diu (India) Dadra and Nagar Haveli (India)
Regulated by	No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1	gu
ISO 639-2	guj
ISO 639-3	guj
Distribution of native Gujarati speakers in India
This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Gujarati (Gujarati: (ગુજરાતી Gujarātī) is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is derived from a language called Old Gujarati (1100 - 1500 AD) which is the ancestor language of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

There are about 65.5 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the " Father of the Nation of India", Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the "Father of the Nation of Pakistan" and Vallabhbhai Patel, the "Iron Man of India." Other prominent personalities whose first language is or was Gujarati include Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Morarji Desai, Narsinh Mehta, Dhirubhai Ambani, and J. R. D. Tata.

Contents 1 History 2 Demographics and distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects 2.3 Major dialects 2.3.1 Hindu Gujarati 2.3.2 Parsi Gujarati 2.3.3 Muslim Gujarati 2.4 Closely related languages 3 Phonology 4 Writing system 5 Vocabulary 5.1 Categorisation and Sources 5.1.1 Tadbhav 5.1.2 Tatsam 5.1.3 Perso-Arabic 5.1.4 English 5.1.5 Portuguese 5.2 Loans into English 6 Grammar 7 Sample Text 8 Influence on other languages 9 Bibliography 9.1 Dictionaries 9.2 Grammars 9.3 Courses 9.4 Phonology 9.5 Overviews 9.6 Old Gujarati 9.7 Other 10 External links 11 References

History

Gujarati (also having been variously spelled as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi^[1][6]) is a modern Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages^[6]:

1. Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit)
2. Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas)
3. New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc..)

Another view accords successive family, tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages^[7]:

1. IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as stops becoming voiced in the Northern (Skt. danta "tooth" > Punj. dānd) and dental and retroflex sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. sandhya "evening" > Beng. śājh).^[8]
2. Western, into Central and Southern.
3. Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verbs and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani.^[6]
4. Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive marker -n- during the 15th century.^[9]

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following^[7]:

• Phonological
  • Loss of phonemic length for vowels
  • Change of consonant clusters to geminate and then to single consonants (with compensatory vowel length)

English	Sanskrit	Prakrit	Gujarati	Ref
hand	hasta	hattha	hāth	[10]
seven	sapta	satta	sāt	[11]
eight	aṣṭā	aṭṭha	āṭh	[12]
snake	sarpa	sappa	sāp	[13]

• Morphological
  • Reduction in the number of compounds
  • Merger of the dual with plural
  • Replacement of case affixes by postpositions
  • Development of periphrastic tense/voice/mood constructions
• Syntax
  • Split ergativity
  • More complex agreement system

Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages^[6]:

Old Gujarātī (જૂની ગુજરાતી; also called ગુજરાતી ભાખા Gujarātī bhākhā or ગુર્જર અપભ્રંશ Gurjar apabhraṃśa, AD 1100 — 1500), the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani,^[4] was spoken by the Gurjars, who were residing and ruling in Punjab, Rajputana, central India and various parts of Gujarat at that time.^[14][15] The language was used as literary language as early as 12th century.Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.^[7] It had 3 genders as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct at the time. Also factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].^[16] A formal grammar of the precursor to this language was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Solanki king Siddharaj Jayasinh of Anhilwara (Patan).

Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as^[17]:

• rāsa, predominantly didactic narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's Bhārateśvarabāhubali (1185).
• phāgu, in which spring time is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's Sirithūlibadda (ca. 1335). The most famous is the Vasantavilāsa, of unknown scholarship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier.
• bārmāsī, describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
• ākhyāna, in which different sections are each in a single metre.

Narasimha Mehta (c. 1414 — 1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important prose work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti.^[17]

Middle Gujarati (AD 1500 — 1800), split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch-, and the possessive marker -n-.^[18] Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are^[17]:

• i, u develop to ə in open syllables
• diphthongs əi, əu change to ɛ and ɔ in initial syllables and to e and o elsewhere
• əũ develops to ɔ̃ in initial syllables and to ű in final syllables

These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə.^[17]

Modern Gujarati (AD 1800 — ). A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə's, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed.^[17] In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.^[19]

• 1840s, personal diary composition; Nityanondh, Durgaram Mahetaji.
• 1851, first essay; Maniaḷī Maḷvāthi thātā Lābh, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.
• 1866, first novel; Karaṇ Ghelo, Nandashankar Mehta.
• 1866, first autobiography; Mārī Hakīkat, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.

Demographics and distribution

Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati, roughly 45.5 million reside in India, 150,000 in Uganda, 250,000 in Tanzania, 50,000 in Kenya and roughly 100,000 in Pakistan.^[1] There is also a large Gujarati community in Mumbai, India (2.1 million).

A considerable Gujarati-speaking population, approaching one million, exists in North America, most particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area and in the Greater Toronto Area (both of which have over 100,000 speakers), but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. The United Kingdom has 300,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London areas of Wembley, Harrow, Newham and Redbridge, and in Leicester, Coventry, Bradford and the former mill towns of Lancashire. A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly-independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. Most, with British passports, settled in the UK.^[4][20]

Indeed, due to the large Gujarati diaspora in the UK, Gujarati is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the United Kingdom.

Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary language),^[4] the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan.

Official status

Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.

Dialects

The accepted standard dialect is the speech of the area from Baroda to Ahmedabad and north.^[17] Ethnologue lists the following dialects and subdivisions.^[1]

• Standard Gujarati
  • Mehsani
  • Nagari
  • Bombay Gujarati
  • Patnuli
• Gamthi
  • Gramya
  • Surti
  • Anavla
  • Bhathla
  • Machi
  • Eastern Broach Gujarati
  • Charotari
  • Patidari
  • Vadodari
  • Amdavadi
  • pathani
  • Patani
• Parsi
• Kathiyawadi
  • Jhalawadi
  • Sorathi
  • Holadi
  • Gohilwadi
  • Bhavnagari
  • Mer
• Kharva
• Khakari
• Tarimukhi
  • Ghisadi
  • Ghanchi

Major dialects

In A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language (1892) by William Tisdall, major dialects of Gujarati are mentioned. These are explained below.

Hindu Gujarati

Hindu Gujarati, which is the one adopted by the Government as the standard, is taught in schools.

Parsi Gujarati

Parsi Gujarati, the language as spoken and written by the Parsis. This differs from ordinary Gujarati in that it admits pure Persian words in considerable numbers, especially in connection with religious matters, besides a host of Arabic and other words taken from the Urdu language, and that its grammar is in a very unfixed and irregular manner.

Muslim Gujarati

Like Parsi Gujarati, employs a great number of words borrowed from the Hindustani (and through it from Persian and Arabic).

Closely related languages

Kutchi, also known as Khojki, is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi. In addition, a mixture between Sindhi, Gujarati, and Kutchi called Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly.

Phonology

Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Mid e o ɛ ə ɔ Open ɑ

Consonants Bilabial Labio- dental Dental/ Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./ Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɳ Plosive p pʰ b bʱ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ Affricate tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ Fricative s ʃ ɦ Tap or Flap ɾ Approximant ʋ l ɭ j

Writing system

Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.

Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district.

Vocabulary

Categorisation and Sources

These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords.^[22]

Tadbhav

તદ્ભવ્ tadbhav, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

Old Indo-Aryan		Gujarati		Ref
I	aham	hũ		[23]
falls, slips	khasati	khasvũ	to move	[24]
causes to move	arpayati	āpvũ	to give	[25]
school	nayaśālā	niśāḷ		[26]
attains to, obtains	prāpnoti	pāmvũ		[27]
tiger	vyāghra	vāgh		[28]
equal, alike, level	sama	samũ	right, sound	[29]
all	sarva	sau		[30]

Tatsam

તત્સમ્ tatsam, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Tatsam	English	Gujarati
lekhak	writer	lakhnār
vijetā	winner	jītnār
vikǎsit	developed	vikǎselũ
jāgǎraṇ	awakening	jāgvānũ

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it's used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ. Though most people just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence: dharma-dharam, other times with differences in meaning, with the former holding a "higher" one:

Tatsam		Tadbhav
karma	Work — Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.	kām	work [without any religious connotations].
kṣetra	Field — Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; khāngī kṣetra → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; raṇǎkṣetra → battlefield.	khetar	field [in agricultural sense].

What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nation-wide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it's being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

Perso-Arabic

India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo - claim, fāydo - benefit, natījo - result, and hamlo - attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ - compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ - to admit (fault), kharīdvũ - to buy, kharǎcvũ - to spend (money), gujarvũ - to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.^[31]

NOUNS												ADJECTIVES
MASC				NEU				FEM
fāydo	gain, advantage, benefit	A	[32]	khānũ	compartment	P	[33]	kharīdī	purchase(s), shopping	P	[34]	tājũ	fresh	P	[35]
humlo	attack	A	[36]	makān	house, building	A	[37]	śardī	Common cold	P	[38]	judũ	different, separate	P	[39]
dāvo	claim	A	[40]	nasīb	luck	A	[41]	bāju	side	P	[42]	najīk	near	P	[43]
natījo	result, outcome	A	[44]	śaher	city	P	[45]	cījh	thing	P	[46]	kharāb	bad	A	[47]
gusso	anger	P	[48]	medān	plain	P	[49]	jindgī	life	P	[50]	lāl	red	P	[51]

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates^[52]:

Persian	INDO-ARYAN	English
marǎd	martya	man, mortal
stān	sthān	place, land
ī	īya	<adjectival suffix>
band	bandh	closed, fastened

Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.^[53]

English

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere dominance in the post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.^[54] See Hinglish, Code-switching.

In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English.

As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

bâṅk	bank	phon	phone	ṭebal	table	bas	bus	rabbar	eraser	ṭorc	flashlight	dôkṭar	doctor	rasīd	receipt
helo halo hālo	hello	hôspiṭal aspitāl ispitāl	hospital	sṭeśan ṭeśan	station	sāykal	(bi)cycle	rum	room	āis krīm	ice cream	rôbaṭ	robot	ṭāym	time
aṅkal1	uncle	āṇṭī1	auntie	pākīṭ	wallet	kavar	envelope	noṭ	banknote	skūl	school	ṭyuśan	tuition	esī	AC
minaṭ miniṭ	minute	ṭikiṭ ṭikaṭ	ticket	sleṭ	slate	hoṭal	hotel	pārṭī	party	ṭren	train	kalekṭar	collector	reḍīyo	radio

• ¹ These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and aunts but are of the age.

Portuguese

The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages^[55] and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.^[56] The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ].^[31]

Gujarati	Meaning	Portuguese
istrī	iron(ing)	estirar1
mistrī ²	carpenter	mestre³
sābu	soap	sabão
cāvī	key	chave
tamāku	tobacco	tabaco
kobī	cabbage	couve
kāju	cashew	caju
pāũ	bread	pão
baṭāko	potato	batata
anānas	pineapple	ananás
pādrī	'father'	padre
aṅgrej(ī)	English	inglês
nātāl	christmas	natal

¹ "Lengthen".

² Common occupational surname.

³ "Master".

Loans into English

Bungalow—

“

1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."[57]

”

Coolie—

“

1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from kuli, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.[58]

”

Tank—

“

c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.[59]

”

Grammar

Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are three genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'.^[60]

Sample Text

Gujarati script —

ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી

જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરીનાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથીજ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.

તા.૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.

Devanagari script -

गांधीजीनी झूंपडी-कराडी

जग प्रसिद्ध दांडी कूच पछी गांधीजीए अहीं आंबाना वृक्ष नीचे खजूरीनां छटियांनी एक झूंपडीमां ता.१४-४-१९३०थी ता.४-५-१९३० सुधी निवास कर्यो हतो. दांडीमां छठ्ठी एप्रिले शरू करेली निमक कानून भंगनी लडतने तेमणे अहींथी वेग आपी देश व्यापी बनावी हती. अहींथीज तेमणे धरासणाना मीठाना अगरो तरफ कूच करवानो पोतानो संकल्प ब्रिटिश वाईसरॉयने पत्र लखीने जणाव्यो हतो.

ता.४थी मे १९३०नी रातना बार वाग्या पछी आ स्थळेथी ब्रिटिश सरकारे तेमनी धरपकड करी हती.

Transliteration —

gāndhījīnī jhū̃pṛī-Karāṛī

jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījīe ahī̃ āmbānā vr̥kṣ nīce khajūrīnā̃ chaṭiyā̃nī ek jhū̃pṛīmā̃ tā.14-4-1930thī tā.4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmā̃ chaṭhṭhī eprile śarū karelī nimak kānūn bhaṅgnī laṛatne temṇe ahī̃thī veg āpī deś vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahī̃thīj temṇe dharāsaṇānā mīṭhānā agaro taraph kūc karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôyne patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato.

tā.4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiś sarkāre temnī dharpakaṛ karī hatī.

Transcription (IPA) —

ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒini d͡ʒʱũpɽi-kəɾɑɽi

d͡ʒəɡ pɾəsɪd̪d̪ʱ ɖɑɳɖi kut͡ʃ pət͡ʃʰi ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒie ə̤ȷ̃ ɑmbɑnɑ ʋɾʊkʃ nit͡ʃe kʰəd͡ʒuɾnɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈijɑ̃ni ek d͡ʒʱũpɽimɑ̃ t̪ɑ _________t̪ʰi t̪ɑ._______ sud̪ʱi niʋɑs kəɾjot̪o. ɖɑɳɖimɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈʰʈʰi epɾile ʃəɾu kəɾeli nimək kɑnun bʱəŋɡni ləɽət̪ne t̪ɛmɳe ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰi ʋeɡ ɑpi deʃ ʋjɑpi bənɑʋit̪i. ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰid͡ʒ t̪ɛmɳe d̪ʱəɾɑsəɽ̃ɑnɑ miʈʰɑnɑ əɡəɾo t̪əɾəf kut͡ʃ kəɾʋɑno pot̪ɑno səŋkəlp bɾiʈiʃ ʋɑjsəɾɔjne pət̪ɾə ləkʰine d͡ʒəɽ̃ɑʋjot̪o.

t̪ɑ.__t̪ʰi me ____ni ɾɑt̪nɑ bɑɾ ʋɑɡjɑ pət͡ʃʰi ɑ st̪ʰəɭet̪ʰi bɾiʈiʃ səɾkɑɾe t̪ɛmni d̪ʱəɾpəkəɽ kəɾit̪i.

Simple gloss —

gandhiji's hut-karadi

world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight(-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.

date.4-from may 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from british government his arrest done was.

Transliteration and detailed gloss —

gāndhījī-n-ī	jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø	Karāṛī
gandhiji–GEN–FEM	hut–FEM–SG	karadi

jag	prasiddh	dāṇḍī	kūc	pachī	gāndhījī-e	ahī̃	āmb-ā-Ø-n-ā	vṛkṣ	nīce
world	famous	dandi	march	after	gandhiji–ERG	here	mango–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	tree	under

khajūr-ī-Ø-n-ā̃	chaṭiy-ā̃-n-ī	ek	jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø-mā̃	tā.	14 4 1930thī	tā.	4 5 1930	sudhī
palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBL	bark–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBL	one	hut–FEM–SG–in	date	14 4 1930–from	date		until

nivās	kar-y-o	ha-t-o	.	dāṇḍī-mā̃	chaṭhṭhī	epril-e	śarū	kar-el-ī	nimak
residence.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOM	do–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG		dandi–in	sixth	April–at	started	do–PAST.PTCP–FEM	salt

kānūn	bhaṅg-n-ī	laṛat-Ø-ne	te-m-ṇe	ahī̃-thī	veg	āp-ī	deś	vyāpī
law	break–GEN–FEM.OBL	fight.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	here–from	speed–OBJ	give–CONJUNCTIVE	country	wide

ban-āv-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.	ahī̃-thī-j	te-m-ṇe	dharāsaṇā-n-ā
become–CAUS–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM		here–from–INTENSIFIER	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	dharasana–GEN–MASC.PL

mīṭh-ā-n-ā	agar-o	taraph	kūc	kar-v-ā-n-o	potā-n-o
salt–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PL	mound.MASC–PL	towards	march.MASC.SG	do–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG	REFL–GEN–MASC.SG

saṅkalp	briṭiś	vāīsarôy-Ø-ne	patra	lakh-īne	jaṇ-āv-y-o	ha-t-o	.	tā.
resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACC	British	viceroy.OBJ–SG–DAT	letter	write–CONJUNCTIVE	know–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG	be–PAST–MASC.SG		date

4-thī	me	1930-n-ī	rāt-Ø-n-ā	bār	vāg-y-ā	pachī	ā	sthaḷ-e-thī	briṭiś
4-th	may	1930–GEN–FEM.OBL	night.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL	twelve	strike–PERF–OBL	after	3.PROX	place–at–from	British

sarkār-e	te-m-n-ī	dharpakaṛ	kar-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.
government–ERG	3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM	arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC	do–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM

Translation (by Wikipedia) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on April the 6th. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve of marching towards the salt mounds of Dharasana.

The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th of May, 1930.

Translation (provided at location) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on April 6 at Dandi and turned it into a nationwide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.

This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on May 4, 1930.

Influence on other languages

As well as words taken by other languages, Gujarati may have exterted a large influence on Saurashtra, since it is the region of which they are named from and are speculated to have migrated from is a Gujarati speaking area; early Sinhala and Divehi speakers may have migrated from Gujarat; this is supported by a Gujarati contribution in their genetics.

Gujarati also has similarities to Konkani.

Bibliography

Dictionaries

• Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Platts, J.T. (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/ .
• Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1966), A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/ .

Grammars

• Cardona, George (1965), A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press .
• Taylor, G.P. (1908), The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services .
• Tisdall, W.S. (1892), A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, http://www.archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala .

Courses

• Dave, Jagdish (1995), Colloquial Gujarati (2004 ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0415091969 .
• Gujarati Literary Academy UK (1985), Text Books 1 to 5 (1985 ed.), Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai .
• Dwyer, Rachel (1995), Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html .
• Lambert, H.M. (1971), Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press .

Phonology

• Dave, T.N. (1931), "Notes on Gujarati Phonology", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6 (3): 673–678, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1356-1898%281931%296%3A3%3C673%3ANOGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W .
• Firth, J.R. (1957), "Phonetic Observations on Gujarati", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 20 (1): 231–241, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281957%2920%3A1%2F3%3C231%3APOOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P .
• Mistry, P.J. (1997), "Gujarati Phonology", in Kaye, A.S, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns .
• Pandit, P.B. (1961), "Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels", Language 37 (1): 54–66, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28196101%2F03%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHPOGV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R .
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1921), "Gujarati Phonology", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 505–544 .
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1915), "Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1033–1038 .

Overviews

• Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu (2003), "Gujarati", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 9780415772945, http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA659&dq=indo-aryan+languages .
• Dalby, Andrew (1998), "Gujarati", Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231115687 .
• Mistry, P.J. (2003), "Gujarati", in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press .
• Mistry, P.J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates .

Old Gujarati

• Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
• Brown, W.N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 (1): 5–29, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28193803%2958%3A1%3C5%3AAOGTOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 .
• Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
• Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43-45.

Other

• Gajendragadkar, S.N. (1972), Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay .
• Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005), "Gujarati", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas: SIL International, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=guj .
• Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages .
• Mistry, P.J. (1996), "Gujarati Writing", in Daniels; Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press .

^[61]

External links

• Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources
• Gujarati phrasebook at Wikitravel
• UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati
• Gujarati Wiktionary
• Gujarati to Hindi Translator (Online)
• Origin of Gujarati Language(in Gujarati)
• Gujarati Video
• Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages.

References

Gujarati language topics Grammar · Phonology · Script · Literature

Official Languages of India Union-level Official languages Hindi · English State-level Official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · English  · Garo · Gujarati · Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tamil · Urdu

Indo-Iranian languages   Indic (Indo-Aryan)   Old · Middle Old Sanskrit (Vedic · Classical) · Mitanni superstrate Middle Abahatta · Apabhraṃśa · Dramatic Prakrits (Magadhi · Maharashtri · Shauraseni) · Elu · Gāndhārī · Jain · Paisaci · Pāli · Prakrit   Modern Central Hindi Awadhi · Bagheli · Bambaiya Hindi · Brij Bhasha · Bundeli · Chhattisgarhi · Fiji Hindi · Haryanvi · Kannauji · Sansiboli · Sadhukaddi (early form) Urdu Dakhni · Rekhta (early form) Others Dhanwar Rai Eastern Assamese and Bengali Assamese · Bengali Others Angika · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Chakma · Chittagonian · Halbi · Hajong · Kayort · Kharia Thar · Magahi · Maithili · Majhi · Mal Paharia · Nahari · Oriya · Rajbanshi · Rohingya · Sadri · Sylheti Northern Garhwali · Kumaoni · Nepali (Palpa) · Potwari North western Punjabi Saraiki · Majhi Others Aer · Derawali · Dogri · Hindko · Kangri · Kutchi · Sindhi Southern Dhivehi · Konkani · Mahal · Marathi · Sinhala Western Bhil Bhili · Gamit Rajasthani Bagri · Goaria · Gojri · Jaipuri · Malvi · Marwari · Mewari · Dhatki (sociolect) Others Domari · Gujarati · Kalto · Khandeshi · Parkari Koli · Romani · Saurashtra   Iranian   Old · Middle Old Western Old Persian · Median Eastern Avestan · Old Scythian Middle Western Middle Persian · Parthian Eastern Bactrian · Khwarezmian · Ossetic (Jassic) · Sakan (Sacian) · Scythian · Sogdian   Modern Western South (Persid) Persian (variants: Dari · Tajik)  · Luri · Caucasian Tat · Larestani · Laki · Bashkardi · Kumzari North Old Azari · Balochi · Central Iran · Zoroastrian Dari · Fars · Gilaki · Gorani · Kurdic: (Kermanshahi · Kurmanji · Soranî)  · Mazandarani · Semnani · Taleshi · Tati · Zazaki Eastern Pamir Ishkashimi · Munji · Roshani · Shughni · Sarikoli · Wakhi · Yazgulami · Yidgha Others Ossetic · Pashto · Yaghnobi · Ormuri · Parachi   Other Indo-Iranian languages Dardic Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalami · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Palula · Pashayi · Shina · Shumashti · Torwali · Ushoji Nuristani Kamkata-viri Kamviri · Kata-vari · Mumviri Others Askunu · Kalasha-ala · Kamkata-viri · Tregami language · Vasi-vari Italics indicate extinct languages.